Figure – Phase-Indexed Effective Velocity in ECM.
The effective phase velocity vϕ decreases monotonically across the 360° oscillatory phase cycle,
approaching vϕ(360°) = ℓᴘ / tᴘ = c at completion of the cycle. Superluminal values (vϕ > c)
occur during earlier phase indices and can also arise at cosmic scales where
apparent mass Mᵃᵖᵖ or dark-energy mass Mᴅᴇ dominates matter mass Mᴍ in the ECM relation
Mᵉᶠᶠ = Mᴍ + (−Mᵃᵖᵖ) = Mᴍ + Mᴅᴇ.
